@article {46, title = {LPV Wind Turbine Control With Anti-Windup Features Covering the Complete Wind Speed Range}, journal = {Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {29}, year = {2014}, month = {March}, pages = {259-266}, abstract = {

This paper addresses the control of a variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbine in the whole wind speed range. To this end, a linear parameter varying anti-windup (AW) controller is proposed as part of a control structure focused on improving the transition between low- and high-wind speed operations. The control structure is similar to classical PI controls used in commercial wind turbines. However, a more advanced gain-scheduled controller and AW compensation are proposed. As a consequence, the new control scheme is capable of improving the behavior of the wind turbine in the transition zone and provides better stability margins. The proposed control was evaluated in a 5-MW wind turbine benchmark and compared with a classical control scheme. To this end, very demanding and realistic testing scenarios were built using the FAST aeroelastic wind turbine simulator as well as standardized wind speed profiles.

}, keywords = {Anti-windup, anti-windup features, benchmark, control of wind turbines, gain-scheduling control, Generators, linear parameter varying anti-windup controller, linear parameter varying systems, LPV wind turbine control, PI controls, power system control, Proposals, Torque, variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbine, Velocity control, Wind speed, wind speed range, wind turbines}, issn = {0885-8969}, doi = {10.1109/TEC.2013.2294212}, author = {Inthamoussou, Fernando A. and Bianchi, Fernando D. and De Battista, Hern{\'a}n and Mantz, Ricardo J.} } @article {85, title = {Active and Reactive Power Control for Wind Turbine Based on a MIMO 2-Sliding Mode Algorithm With Variable Gains}, journal = {Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {28}, year = {2013}, month = {Sept}, pages = {682-689}, abstract = {

This study proposes a power control strategy for a grid-connected variable-speed wind turbine, based on a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with slip power recovery. The control objectives vary with the zones of operation (dependant on the wind speed), aiming to maximize the active power in the partial load zone and to limit it when operating within the full load zone, while regulating the stator reactive power following grid requirements. The control design, based on the second-order sliding modes (SOSM) and Lyapunov, uses a modified version of the super-twisting algorithm with variable gains which can be applied to nonlinear multiple inputs-multiple outputs (MIMO) systems. The well-known robustness of the sliding techniques, the simplicity of the algorithm, and the adaptive characteristic of its gains are used together in this study to obtain a controller able to deal robustly with the exacting challenges presented by these systems. An additional benefit of the proposal lies in the smoothness of the control action, an important issue regarding applied mechanical efforts. Representative results obtained by simulation of the controlled system are shown and discussed.

}, keywords = {asynchronous generators, control design, DFIG, doubly-fed induction generator, energy conversion, full load zone, Gain, Lyapunov method, Mathematical model, MIMO, MIMO 2-sliding mode algorithm, MIMO communication, nonlinear multiple inputs-multiple outputs system, partial load zone, Power control, power generation control, power grid-connected variable-speed wind turbine, power grids, reactive power control, Rotors, second-order sliding modes, second-order sliding modes (SM), slip power recovery, SOSM, stator reactive power control strategy, Stators, super-twisting algorithm, variable gains, variable structure systems, Wind power generation, Wind speed, wind turbines}, issn = {0885-8969}, doi = {10.1109/TEC.2013.2272244}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=\&arnumber=6582571}, author = {Evangelista, Carolina A. and Valenciaga, Fernando and Puleston, Pablo F.} } @article {88, title = {Lyapunov-Designed Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control for Wind Energy Conversion Optimization}, journal = {Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {60}, year = {2013}, month = {Feb}, pages = {538-545}, abstract = {

This work explores an adaptive second-order sliding mode control strategy to maximize the energy production of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) simultaneously reducing the mechanical stress on the shaft. Such strategy successfully deals with the random nature of wind speed, the intrinsic nonlinear behavior of the WECS, and the presence of model uncertainties and external perturbations acting on the system. The synthesized adaptive controller is designed from a modified version of the super-twisting (ST) algorithm with variable gains. The suitability of the proposed strategy is proved by extensive computer-aided simulations employing a comprehensive model of the system emulating realistic conditions of operation, i.e., considering variations in the parameters and including external disturbances. Additionally, a second controller based on the traditional ST algorithm is also designed and simulated. Results are presented and discussed in order to establish a comparison framework.

}, keywords = {adaptive control, adaptive second-order control strategy, Algorithm design and analysis, CAD, Computational modeling, control system synthesis, Control systems, direct energy conversion, extensive computer-aided simulations, external disturbances, external perturbations, Generators, intrinsic nonlinear behavior, Lyapunov methods, Lyapunov-designed super-twisting sliding mode control, mechanical stress reduction, model uncertainties, Sliding mode control, ST algorithm, suitability strategy, super-twisting (ST), system emulating realistic conditions, Torque, variable gains, variable structure systems, WECS, wind energy conversion optimization, wind power, Wind power generation, Wind speed, wind turbines}, issn = {0278-0046}, doi = {10.1109/TIE.2012.2188256}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6153362}, author = {Evangelista, Carolina A. and Puleston, Pablo F. and Valenciaga, Fernando and Fridman, Leonid M.} } @conference {91, title = {Variable gains super-twisting control for wind energy conversion optimization}, booktitle = {Variable Structure Systems (VSS), 2010 11th International Workshop on}, year = {2010}, month = {June}, abstract = {

An adaptive second order sliding mode control strategy is explored in this work, to maximize the energy extracted from the wind in a wind energy conversion system (WECS). It is required to such strategy to deal with the nonlinear nature of the WECS, the randomness of the wind speed, model uncertainties and external disturbances, and also with the need to reduce mechanical loads. The special features of this adaptive technique together with the robustness, relative simplicity and other desirable inherent characteristics of the super-twisting algorithm make the proposed controller an attractive solution. The suitability of the proposed strategy is proved by extensive computer aided simulations employing a comprehensive model of the system.

}, keywords = {adaptive control, adaptive second order sliding mode control, Computational modeling, computer aided simulation, Computer Simulation, control system synthesis, Gain, Lyapunov based controller design, Lyapunov methods, nonlinear systems, optimisation, Programmable control, Robust control, Sliding mode control, Uncertainty, variable gain super twisting control, variable structure systems, Wind energy, wind energy conversion optimization, wind power, Wind speed}, doi = {10.1109/VSS.2010.5544713}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5544713}, author = {Evangelista, Carolina A. and Puleston, Pablo F. and Valenciaga, Fernando and D{\textquoteright}ávila, A.} } @article {63, title = {Dynamical variable structure controller for power regulation of wind energy conversion systems}, journal = {Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {19}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec}, pages = {756-763}, abstract = {

The paper addresses the problem of output power regulation of fixed-pitch variable-speed wind energy conversion systems. Operation is constrained by practical reasons to the low-speed side of the turbine power-speed curve. Unfortunately, this region is characterized by a nonminimum phase dynamics which is an obstacle to perform the regulation task. A dynamical variable structure controller is developed that accomplishes the control objective despite this limitation. The proposed control strategy presents attractive features such as robustness to parametric uncertainties of the turbine and generator as well as to electric grid disturbances.

}, keywords = {65, Aerodynamics, Control systems, dynamical variable structure controller, electric grid disturbance, Electric variables control, Induction generators, Mesh generation, nonminimum phase dynamic, parametric uncertainty, Power control, Power generation, power generation control, power regulation, power supply quality, power system dynamic stability, power system interconnection, speed curve, turbine power, variable structure systems, Wind energy, wind energy conversion system, Wind energy generation, wind power, Wind speed, wind turbines}, issn = {0885-8969}, doi = {10.1109/TEC.2004.827705}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1359955}, author = {De Battista, Hern{\'a}n and Mantz, Ricardo J.} } @article {74, title = {Sliding mode control of wind energy systems with DOIG-power efficiency and torsional dynamics optimization}, journal = {Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {15}, year = {2000}, month = {May}, pages = {728-734}, abstract = {

Wind turbines with double output induction generators can operate at variable speed permitting conversion efficiency maximization over a wide range of wind velocities. However, random wind fluctuations, wind shear and tower shadow, may excite the oscillation mode of the mechanical system, producing large torque ripple. Consequently, damage to drive train components and power quality problems may occur. In this paper, a sliding mode control is developed which provides a suitable compromise between conversion efficiency and torque oscillation smoothing. The resultant sliding dynamics is completely robust to uncertainties in the electrical variables and parameters. In addition, to prevent windup problems due to saturation, a combined sliding surface that incorporates such limitations is proposed

}, keywords = {asynchronous generators, combined sliding surface, conversion efficiency maximization, double output induction generators, drive train components, electrical variables uncertainties, Fluctuations, Induction generators, large torque ripple, machine control, mechanical system, Mechanical systems, oscillation mode excitation, oscillations, Poles and towers, power efficiency, power generation control, Power quality, power quality problems, power supply quality, random wind fluctuations, resultant sliding dynamics, Sliding mode control, Torque, torque oscillation smoothing, torsion, torsional dynamics optimization, tower shadow, uncertainties robustness, variable speed, variable speed gear, variable structure systems, Wind energy, wind energy systems, wind shear, Wind speed, wind turbines}, issn = {0885-8950}, doi = {10.1109/59.867166}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=867166}, author = {De Battista, Hern{\'a}n and Puleston, Pablo F. and Mantz, Ricardo J. and Christiansen, Carlos F.} }